Clouds in the Perturbed Climate System: Their Relationship to Energy Balance, Atmospheric Dynamics, and Precipitation
Clouds in the Perturbed Climate System: Their Relationship to Energy Balance, Atmospheric Dynamics, and Precipitation
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Abstract
More than half the globe is covered by visible clouds. Clouds control major parts of the Earth’s energy balance, influencing both incoming shortwave solar radiation and outgoing longwave thermal radiation. Latent heating and cooling related to cloud processes modify atmospheric circulation, and, by modulating sea surface temperatures, clouds affect the oceanic circulation. They are also an essential component of the global water cycle, on which all terrestrial life depends. Yet clouds constitute the most poorly quantified, least understood, and most puzzling aspect of atmospheric science, and thus the largest source of uncertainty in the prediction of climate change. Because they are influenced by climate change, and because complex, unidentified feedback systems are involved, science is faced with many unanswered questions. This book begins by identifying and describing the baffling nature of clouds. It explores the boundaries of current knowledge on the spatial/temporal variability of clouds and cloud-related aerosols, as well as the factors that control clouds, and examines the extent and nature of anthropogenic perturbations. Particular emphasis is placed on the connections of clouds to climate through radiation, dynamics, precipitation, and chemistry, and on the difficulties in understanding the obvious but elusive fact that clouds must be affected by climate change. The book offers recommendations to improve the current state of knowledge and to direct future research in fields ranging from chemistry and theoretical physics to climate modeling and remote satellite sensing.
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Front Matter
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1
Introduction
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2
Trends in Observed Cloudiness and Earth’s Radiation Budget: What Do We Not Know and What Do We Need to Know?
Joel R. Norris andAnthony Slingo
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3
Climatologies of Cloud-related Aerosols
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4
Cloud Properties from In-situ and Remote-sensing Measurements: Capability and Limitations
George A. Isaac andK. Sebastian Schmidt
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5
Clouds and Precipitation: Extreme Rainfall and Rain from Shallow Clouds
Yukari N. Takayabu andHirohiko Masunaga
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6
Temporal and Spatial Variability of Clouds and Related Aerosols: Theodore L. Anderson, Rapporteur
Andrew Ackerman and others
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7
Laboratory Cloud Simulation: Capabilities and Future Directions
Frank Stratmann and others
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8
Cloud-controlling Factors: Low Clouds
Bjorn Stevens andJean-Louis Brenguier
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9
Deep Convective Clouds
Wojciech W. Grabowski andJon C. Petch
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10
Large-scale Controls on Cloudiness
Christopher S. Bretherton andDennis L. Hartmann
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11
Cloud-controlling Factors of Cirrus
Bernd Kärcher andPeter Spichtinger
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12
Cloud-controlling Factors
A. Pier Siebesma Rapporteur and others
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13
Cloud Particle Precursors
Sonia M. Kreidenweis and others
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14
Cloud–Aerosol Interactions from the Micro to the Cloud Scale
Graham Feingold andHolger Siebert
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15
Weather and Climate Engineering
William R. Cotton
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16
Air Pollution and Precipitation
Greg Ayers andZev Levin
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17
What Do We Know about Large-scale Changes of Aerosols, Clouds, and the Radiation Budget?
Teruyuki Nakajima andMichael Schulz
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18
The Extent and Nature of Anthropogenic Perturbations of Clouds
Patrick Y. Chuang and others
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19
Global Indirect Radiative Forcing Caused by Aerosols: IPCC (2007) and Beyond
Jim Haywood and others
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20
Simulating Global Clouds: Past, Present, and Future
William D. Collins andMasaki Satoh
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21
Observational Strategies from the Micro- to Mesoscale
Jean-Louis Brenguier andRobert Wood
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22
Observational Strategies at Meso- and Large Scales to Reduce Critical Uncertainties in Future Cloud Changes
Anthony Illingworth andSandrine Bony
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23
Aerosols and Clouds in Chemical Transport Models and Climate Models
Ulrike Lohmann andStephen E. Schwartz
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24
Current Understanding and Quantification of Clouds in the Changing Climate System and Strategies for Reducing Critical Uncertainties
Rapporteur Johannes Quaas and others
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End Matter
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