Financing Innovation in the United States, 1870 to the Present
Financing Innovation in the United States, 1870 to the Present
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Abstract
Although technological change is vital for economic growth, the interaction of finance and technological innovation is rarely studied. This book examines the ways in which innovation is funded in the United States. In case studies and theoretical discussions, economists and economic historians analyze how inventors and technologically creative entrepreneurs have raised funds for their projects at different stages of U.S. economic development, beginning with the post-Civil War period of the Second Industrial Revolution. Their discussions point to intriguing insights about how the nature of the technology may influence its financing and, conversely, how the availability of funds influences technological advances. These studies show that over the long history of American technological advancement, inventors, and innovators have shown considerable flexibility in finding ways to finance their work. They have moved to cities to find groups of local investors; they have worked for large firms that could tap the securities market for funds; they have looked to the federal government for research and development funding; and they have been financed by the venture capital industry. The studies make it clear that methods of funding innovation—whether it is in the auto industry or information technology—have important implications for both the direction of technological change and the competitive dynamism of the economy.
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Front Matter
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Introduction: The Organization and Finance of Innovation in American History
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1
Financing Invention during the Second Industrial Revolution: Cleveland, Ohio, 1870–1920
Naomi R. Lamoreaux and others
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2
The Organizing and Financing of Innovative Companies in the Evolution of the U.S. Automobile Industry
Steven Klepper
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3
Why Did Finance Capitalism and the Second Industrial Revolution Arise in the 1890s?
Larry Neal andLance E. Davis
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4
Funding New Industries: A Historical Perspective on the Financing Role of the U.S. Stock Market in the Twentieth Century
Mary A. O’Sullivan
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5
Stock Market Swings and the Value of Innovation, 1908–1929
Tom Nicholas
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6
Financing Fiber: Corning’s Invasion of the Telecommunications Market
Margaret B. W. Graham
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7
The Federal Role in Financing Major Innovations: Information Technology during the Postwar Period
Kira R. Fabrizio andDavid C. Mowery
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8
Learning the Hard Way: IBM and the Sources of Innovation in Early Computing
Steven W. Usselman
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9
Trading Knowledge: An Exploration of Patent Protection and Other Determinants of Market Transactions in Technology and R&D
Ashish Arora and others
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10
The Governance of New Firms: A Functional Perspective
Josh Lerner
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11
Real Effects of Knowledge Capital on Going Public and Market Valuation
Michael R. Darby andLynne G. Zucker
- 12 Afterword
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End Matter
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