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This book delves into the evolution of marine fisheries governance from early times to the present, showing how responsive governance works—or fails to work—in settings ranging from small-scale coastal fishing communities to international fisheries that span entire oceans. Chapter 1 provides a general overview of the state of global fisheries before describing the AC/SC framework and methods used in the historical analysis. Part I examines the economic forces that disrupt problem signals, particularly the profit disconnect. It documents the expansion of fishing effort in scope and scale and shows how the industrialization of fishing created hierarchies within the industry, as those with access to capital invested in larger and larger fleets while those without such access struggled to compete in smaller niches. Part II explores how governance institutions coevolved with fisheries economics. Specifically, it shows the widening of the power disconnect as small fishing communities were eclipsed over time by larger and larger commercial operations with greater economic and political power. It also explains how problem signals are processed by decision makers in many different regions and how the set of actors and management solutions changed over time, ultimately altering the process of responsive governance. Chapter 9 concludes with an evaluation of these results, identifying pivot points that can generate earlier, more effective response, and also calls for greater attention to exogenous forces that drive the management treadmill.

This book offers a historical perspective on the global proliferation of protected forest areas and productive timber plantations. It argues that a forest management divergence—the separation of wood production from the protection of forests—has occurred during the twentieth century as a result of globalisation. The book shows how plantations and protected areas evolved from, and then undermined, an earlier integrated forest management system, the conservation model, that sought both to produce timber and to conserve the environment. To trace these changes, the book reassesses the historical development of the science and profession of forestry in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Europe; offers an original interpretation on the twentieth-century creation of timber plantations in the Americas, Asia, Africa, and Australia; and establishes how the controversies over deforestation led to the establishment of protected areas. The book concludes with the suggestion that to solve the problems associated with the forest management divergence scientists, policy makers and environmentalists must better integrate protective and productive aspects of forest management. To successfully achieve this integration requires a deeper awareness of history.