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Systems, Experts, and ComputersThe Systems Approach in Management and Engineering, World War II and After$
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Systems, Experts, and Computers: The Systems Approach in Management and Engineering, World War II and After

Agatha C. Hughes and Thomas P. Hughes

Print publication date: 2000

Print ISBN-13: 9780262082853

Published to MIT Press Scholarship Online: August 2013

DOI: 10.7551/mitpress/9780262082853.001.0001

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PRINTED FROM MIT PRESS SCHOLARSHIP ONLINE (www.mitpress.universitypressscholarship.com). (c) Copyright The MIT Press, 2022. All Rights Reserved. An individual user may print out a PDF of a single chapter of a monograph in MITSO for personal use.date: 27 May 2022

System Reshapes the Corporation: Joint Ventures in the Bay Area Rapid Transit System, 1962–1972

System Reshapes the Corporation: Joint Ventures in the Bay Area Rapid Transit System, 1962–1972

Chapter:
(p.113) 4 System Reshapes the Corporation: Joint Ventures in the Bay Area Rapid Transit System, 1962–1972
Source:
Systems, Experts, and Computers
Author(s):

Glenn Bugos

Publisher:
The MIT Press
DOI:10.7551/mitpress/9780262082853.003.0005

This chapter discusses joint ventures and how federal regulation shaped the contours of its growth in each decade following 1950. Joint ventures were less popular and very rare before 1950; companies only resorted to using them when a merger was prohibited—mostly by the complications of acquiring foreign technology or entering foreign markets. Their appearance beginning in 1950 was often within the technological frontier of the United States. In the energy industries, oil and gas companies formed joint ventures to build new pipelines or pool the risks of searching for new oil. In manufacturing, they helped firms pool production expertise or build plants of minimum efficient scales. However, most joint ventures only served to circumvent the Clayton Act, and in 1964, the Federal Trade Commission was successful in preventing these incidents via the Supreme Court decision in Penn v. Olin.

Keywords:   joint ventures, federal regulation, merger, technological frontier, United States, Clayton Act, Federal Trade Commission, Supreme Court, Penn v. Olin

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