Digital Evolution and the Emergence of Complexity
Digital Evolution and the Emergence of Complexity
This chapter charts the history of artificial life (ALife) after Langton in relation to theories of evolution, emergence, and complex adaptive systems by examining a series of experiments carried out on various software platforms, including Thomas Ray’s Tierra, John Holland’s Echo, Christoph Adami’s Avida, Andrew Pargellis’ Amoeba, Tim Taylor’s Cosmos, and Larry Yaeger’s PolyWorld. It concludes by considering the limits of the first phase of ALife research and the new research initiatives represented by “living computation” and attempts to create an artificial protocell.
Keywords: artificial life, evolution, adaptive systems, Tierra, Echo, Avida, Amoeba, Cosmos, PolyWorld, protocell
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