How Universal Are Club Standards? Emerging Markets and Volunteerism
How Universal Are Club Standards? Emerging Markets and Volunteerism
This chapter focuses on the universality of club standards, first by examining if voluntary clubs are truly a global phenomenon, or if Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) multinational firms have created a misconception among scholars of the global political economy. It provides a “tough test” of how powerful voluntary clubs are through examining the participation and compliance of firms located in Pacific Rim developing countries in relation to those in the United Nations Global Compact, the Free Burma campaign, and the ISO 14001 regime. The test reveals the similarities and differences of the Pacific Rim, and concludes that there is a suggestion that there is value in the club model for voluntary programs, and that firms are more adherent to “strong sword” programs, but that further research is necessary to come to a clear verdict.
Keywords: club standards, OECD, global political economy, voluntary clubs, Global Compact, Free Burma campaign, ISO 14001, strong sword
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